Pros: Fast and easy Cons: Cannot use any Android framework classes The Android Testing Framework The Android testing framework is the official method of unit testing on Android. It loads your application onto a device, then runs JUnit-based test suites. Since it runs on the actual OS you can use the Android framework as you normally would in your application and can conduct a series of realistic tests that way. Ostensibly the testing framework is unit testing, but the slowness of having to fully compile and upload your app onto a device before executing any tests makes testing slow. Plus, you have to make sure you've got a device attached or an emulator running. As a result, I might consider the testing framework for semi-regular tests (e.g., whenever you push a new commit, or nightly tests) but I would have trouble using them while actively developing. Pros: Access to the Android framework Cons: Slow Requires attached device or running emulator Uses JUnit 3 (instead of the newer JUnit 4) Robolectric Robolectric is a project that unifies the speed of unit testing with the ability to access the Android framework. It does this by implementing all those stubs with mocked classes. Having tried it out, it is lightning fast and works as expected. I'm also impressed with the amount of active development on it - this is a rapidly improving framework. However, the active development does take a toll; documentation is a bit lacking, plus some new versions of Robolectric break things in previous versions. Plus, it can't mock everything - for example, inter-app communication - since it's not on an actual Android OS. That said, the benefits here far outweigh the negatives when it comes to unit testing Android. Pros: Fast Can access mocked Android framework Actively developed Cons: Not the true Android framework Not everything is mocked Lacking documentation